A WIRELESS HEARTBEAT AND TEMPERATURE MONITORING SYSTEM FOR REMOTE PATIENTS


A WIRELESS HEARTBEAT AND TEMPERATURE MONITORING SYSTEM FOR REMOTE PATIENTS
This paper describes the development of a wireless heartbeat and temperature monitoring system based on a microcontroller at a reasonable cost with great effect. Most monitoring systems that are in use in today’s world works in offline mode but it is lf great need that a system must be designed so that patient can be monitored remotely in real time.
The paper consists of sensors which measures heartbeat and body temperature of a patient which is controlled by the microcontroller. Both the readings are displayed in LCD monitor. Wireless system is used to transmit the measured data to a remote location. The heartbeat sensor counts the heartbeat for specific interval of time and estimates Beats per Minute while the temperature sensor measures the temperature and both the data are sent to the microcontroller for transmission to receiving end. Finally, the data are displayed in the LCD at the receiving end.



INTRODUCTION
In today’s world, the maximum use of resource is always complimented. So, the use of wireless technology is enhanced to meet the need of remote control and monitoring. Remote patient monitoring (RPM) is a technology that helps us to monitor patient even when the patient is not in the clinic or hospital. It may increase access to health services and facilities while decreasing cost. Remote Patient Monitoring saves time of both patient and doctor, hence increasing efficiency and reliability of health services.
Heartbeat and body temperature are the major signs that are routinely measured by physicians after the arrival of a patient. Heart rate refers to how many times a heart contracts and relaxes in a unit of time (usually per minute). Heart rate varies for different age groups. For a human adult of age 18 or more years, a normal resting heart rate is around 72 beats per minute (bpm). The functioning of heart can be called as efficient if it is having lower heart rate when the patient is at rest. Babies have a much higher rate than adults around 120 bpm and older children have heart rate around 90 bpm.
If the heart rate is lower than the normal heart rate, it is an indication of a condition known as bradycardia and if the heart rate is higher than the normal heart rate, it is an indication of a condition known as tachycardia.
Like heart rate, normal body temperature also varies from person to person and changes throughout the day. The body temperature is lowest in the early morning and highest in the early evening. The normal body temperature is about 37° C or 98.6° F. However, it can be as low as 36.1° C (97° F) in the early morning and as high as 37.2° C (99° F) and still be considered normal. Thus, the normal range for body temperature is 97 to 100 degrees Fahrenheit or 36.1 to 37.8 degrees Celsius. Temperature can be measured by using different forms such as thermocouples, thermistors, resistance temperature detectors (RTD), and integrated circuit (IC) sensors.
The temperature sensor produces analog output voltage which is proportional to the temperature. The temperature sensor requires analog to digital (A/D) converter so that the analog output voltage can be converted to digital form. The output of the temperature sensor is connected to the Port A of AT MEGA328R-PU Arduino uno. The Arduino uno processes this data and displays it in LCD as well as sends it to the receiving end for displaying at the remote place.
This paper describes the design of a very low-cost remote patient monitoring system which measures heart rate and body temperature of a patient and sends the data a to a remote end where the data will be displayed and physician or doctor will be able to examine him/her. This device will be much needed during emergency period or for saving time of both patient and doctor.

DESIGN FEATURES
Health Monitoring System is done with modules of data sensing, data processing and communication as shown in Fig. Three sensors are contained in data sensing module such as temperature sensor, heart rate sensor. Temperature sensor is used to measure the body temperature. Heartbeat sensor is used to measure the function of heart by blood flow through Finger. The output of each sensor is interfaced with Analog to Digital circuit (ADC) pins of microcontroller. Data processing module consists of ATmega328, 28-pin, 8-Bit microcontroller of Harvard architecture which is a high-performance nRF circuit used to solve problems in conversion of RS232 signal voltage to TTL voltage and needed to communicate the receiver and sending SMS through information gateway, LCD is used as a display unit in connection with microcontroller for displaying the current details of physiological parameters. Patient monitoring is applicable in different situations when a patient is in the following conditions:
In unstable physiological regulatory systems – for instance, in the case of overdose of anesthesia.
In a life threatening condition – for instance, when there is an indication of heart attack in a patient.
In a critical physiological state.

Patient Monitoring System
Patient monitoring is applicable in different situations when a patient is in the following conditions.
·        In unstable physiological regulatory systems – for instance, in the case of overdose of anesthesia.
·        In a life threatening condition – for instance, when there is an indication of heart attack in a patient.
·        In a situation leading to the developing of a risk life threating condition
·        In a critical physiological state.
Patient monitoring is not a new system in health care as it was first started in the year 1625 for monitoring the body temperature and blood pressure of patients. Subsequently, this system has begun to find its usage and acceptance for monitoring different types of physiological parameters and health related aspects that are being performed until now.
Nowadays patient monitoring systems are available in two forms:
·        Single-parameter monitoring system
·        Multi parameter monitoring system



Single parameter monitoring system: This system is used for measuring the blood pressure of a human body, monitoring ECG, monitoring SPO2 (oxygen saturation in blood), and so on.
Multi parameter monitoring system: This system is used for monitoring multiple critical physiological signs of patients by transmitting the vital information like ECG, respiration rate and blood pressure, etc. Due to these reasons, multi parameter patient monitoring systems play a significant role in the field of medical devices.
In the subsequent paragraphs we are about to discuss the patient monitoring system in detail, and in order to understand this particular concept and topic better, a project as a practical example of patient monitoring system is also explained briefly.

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Walking Stick with Heart Attack Detection

Image
The ECG circuitry unit on the wrist captures abnormal heart beat signal from the patient. The micro controller on the stick runs a heart attack algorithm. Warning is given out to the person about his heart condition to our family, Ambulance and Doctor. The Bluetooth emergency calling system calls for medical help at the moment of heart attack. This project aims to shorten the time between the moment of heart attack and the arrival of medical personal. The warning before the emergency call will give the patient a chance to avoid heart attack. The national heart institute states that “more than 3 million persons in each country have a heart attack and about half of them die in each year.”   About one-half of those who die do so within 1 hour of start of symptoms and before reaching the hospital. This heart attack detection algorithm consists of 3 basic sub projects namely ECG circuit, analysis algorithm and Wi-Fi communication . The frequency range of ECG signal depen...
Read more

AUDITING A CLOUD PROVIDER’S COMPLIANCE WITH DATA BACKUP REQUIREMENTS: A GAME THEORETICAL ANALYSIS

Image
AUDITING A CLOUD PROVIDER’S COMPLIANCE WITH DATA BACKUP REQUIREMENTS: A GAME THEORETICAL  ANALYSIS                                             INTRODUCTION The new developments in cloud computing have introduced significant security challenges to guarantee the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of outsourced data. A service level agreement (SLA) is usually signed between the cloud provider (CP) and the customer. For redundancy purposes, it is important to verify the CP's compliance with data backup requirements in the SLA. There exist a number of security mechanisms to check the integrity and availability of outsourced data. This task can be performed by the customer or be delegated to an independent entity that we will refer to as the verifier. How...
Read more

A Smart Helmet for Air Quality and Hazardous Event Detection for the Mining Industry

Image
A Smart Helmet for Air Quality and Hazardous Event Detection for the Mining Industry South Africa is known for its extensive and diverse mineral resources and large mining industry. Supervisors are held responsible for all injuries sustained under their supervision, and should therefore be aware of potentially risky situations. Problem: The solution to improving a mining helmet in order to ensure more safety awareness between miners. When working with noisy equipment, being aware of one’s surroundings can sometimes be challenging. In the mining industry miners tend to remove some of their safety gear because the gear is too heavy, warm or uncomfortable to work with. However, miners generally do not remove their helmets. Current Scenario: Presently mining safety helmets only have the purpose of protecting the miner’s head against potential hazardous bumps. The safety helmets do not have any technology added to it to let miners know when a fellow miner has encountered ...
Read more